VICTORIAN England is often romanticized in movies and mini-series. Americans relish scenes of English manors, butlers in livery and rolling countryside.

But for the poor, it was a hellish and callous society. With many small farmers forced off the land and into cities, industrial England was a place of squalor, disease, Malthusian disdain for the poor and inhumanity, all famously depicted by Charles Dickens in the 19th century.

It is not surprising that Karl Marx found refuge in London and published his famous Das Kapital there in 1867. The horrors of 19th-century capitalism were largely responsible for the popularity of his views. To call industrial England of that time a “Christian society” takes quite a stretch of the imagination.

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